In the ever-evolving field of construction, BIM Modeling Services are gaining increasing utility and acceptance as an industry standard, overcoming differences in building policies and guidelines worldwide. The provision of different Levels of Development (LOD) helps the stakeholders to agree upon the details that need to be incorporated in the BIM model based upon the project requirements.
BIM, with its varying levels of detail, serves a crucial role across the entire lifecycle of an asset. From the initial phases of preconstruction planning and design to the later stages of post-construction maintenance and upkeep, all involved parties’ benefit from the diverse LOD BIM models. This, however, raises the question of which LOD to choose, considering the cost factor involved.
This article aims to highlight the benefits and uses of different Levels of Development (LOD) in BIM throughout the various stages of construction. Whether you’re in the planning stages, working onsite, or dealing with post-construction phases, choosing the right LOD is essential. The insights shared here can guide decision-making for your project, considering factors like cost. Knowing how each LOD brings advantages can help you make the best choices at every step of the construction process.
Understanding level of development in BIM:
Before delving into the impact of LOD on different stages of the building lifecycle, it’s crucial to understand what it means. LOD is a framework that defines the level of development or detail of a virtual model at various stages of a construction project. It ranges from LOD 100 to LOD 500, each representing a different degree of detail and precision. Let’s explore these levels:
- LOD 100: Concept Design
At LOD 100, the model is in its early stages, and the elements are represented with approximate quantities, sizes, shapes, locations, and orientation.
- LOD 200: Schematic Design
At LOD 200, the model becomes more refined, and elements are graphically represented as specific systems, objects, or assemblies with information regarding quantity, size, shape, location, and orientation.
- LOD 300: Detailed Design
At LOD 300, the model includes precise information on quantity, size, shape, location, and orientation.
- LOD 350: Preconstruction
This level adds certain elements, such as hangers and supports, to the LOD 300 model to be more accurate in 3D preconstruction planning. This is a widely used LOD level.
- LOD 400: Fabrication and Assembly
LOD 400 ensures that model elements are represented as specific assemblies. The model includes complete fabrication, assembly, and detailing information.
- LOD 500: As-Built
At LOD 500 during the as-built phase, elements are modeled as constructed assemblies, reflecting their actual and accurate size, shape, location, quantity, and orientation.
Choosing the Right LOD:
Selecting the correct level of detail for a project requires a proper understanding of project complexity and the intended use of the BIM models. If the modeling is done for designing simple structures, LOD 200–250 is usually enough. For Clash Detection Services, coordination of structures with overlapping systems (LOD 300 or LOD 350) is required. For extracting detailed drawings such as fabrication drawings, quantity take-offs, etc., LOD 400 is ideal. LOD 500 creates as-built models that are generated and updated post-construction, which are suitable for maintenance and lifecycle analysis of a building.
Different phases of Building lifecycle and how BIM LOD fits into the picture:
Preconstruction phase: The pre-construction phase marks the initial stage in the building lifecycle, encompassing project conception to the commencement of physical construction. Key steps involve feasibility studies, site analysis, conceptual design, and cost estimation. Professionals involved include architects, engineers, project managers, and financial experts. Their collaboration aims to define project scope, budget, and timelines, laying the groundwork for subsequent phases. Effective pre-construction planning mitigates risks, aligns stakeholder expectations, and sets the stage for a successful construction project.
Read Also: How Scan to BIM Enhances Building Renovation Projects
Post-Construction: Post-construction marks the transition from building completion to ongoing facility management. Following the handover, facility managers and maintenance teams assume responsibility. Key steps involve establishing routine inspections, addressing any defects, and ensuring compliance with safety standards. Building owners may consider future renovations or expansions. Accurate as-built models, developed with sufficient LOD, become the backbone of efficient post-construction operations.
- Facility Maintenance and Inspections: LOD-enhanced models provide detailed insights into the building’s structural and system components. For instance, an LOD 300 model aids in assessing specific elements like HVAC systems, enabling predictive maintenance and minimizing downtime.
- Defect Resolution: In the post-construction phase, LOD aids in swift defect identification and resolution. An LOD 400 model, rich in detail, ensures precise identification of flaws in components such as electrical wiring or plumbing, expediting corrective measures.
- Renovations and Expansions: A higher LOD model such as LOD 400-500 captures every detail, facilitating seamless integration of new elements into the existing structure. This is particularly beneficial when adding new floors, wings, or upgrading technological infrastructure.
Conclusion
The varied levels of detail available in Building Information Modeling (BIM) provide stakeholders with multiple options for the Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) model of their projects. Based on the insights discussed in this blog, construction companies can carefully assess the advantages offered by each Level of Development (LOD) and select the most suitable LOD level based on the specific requirements of their project. BIM stands as a technological marvel, and as its adoption continues to grow, BIM specialists will discover increasingly innovative ways to leverage LOD, further enhancing its contributions to the construction industry.
